Metabolic Madness
So my wife and I were watching “The Truth About Food” on Discovery, and they present “scientific diet advice”. They perform ’scientific experiments’ on the show that appear to support the various assertions about dietetic health and well being. I can only assume they mean ‘experiment’ in the same sense my high school physics teacher meant it - a procedural test, repetition, verification of another experiment, the outcome of which is already known. Or perhaps they don’t tell the viewers the parameters of the experiments. The ones on the show we were watching ranged from laughable (a single subject, a single trial) to dubious (three subjects, a single trial, improper normalization).
One is tempted to say, “Well, it’s a Television show. What do you expect?” The problem with that is that the show appears on Discovery and makes constant claims to provide the scientific truth about diet. I’m not kidding - the word “scientific” was a constant staple of the narration. In one of the ’studies’, they took three people, starved ‘em for 12 hours, then fed them meals with the same caloric content, but one was predominantly carbohydrate calories, another fat calories, another protein calories. Sounds reasonable, if you ignore the small sample size. But ALL of the meals they fed to the subjects were served on pasta. So, unless there is a WHOLE LOT about this ‘experiment’ that they didn’t tell us, they demonstrated only that if you accept a sample of three random guys selected for similar body types, you will probably find yourself hungrier faster if you eat a meal that’s high in carbs and fat than if you eat a meal that’s high in carbs and protein. I would like to see the ‘experiment’ repeated, with a few added cases; a high protein/low carb (chicken, salad, broccoli, etc) and a high fat/low carb (grilled steak, salad, vegetables). To be fair, they said that the results of the test had been confirmed by large, ’scientific’ studies, but they didn’t explain any of the methodology involved.
Another ‘experiment’ involved two British girls, one extremely skinny, the other overweight - as it turned out, one was ten kilos underweight, the other ten kilos overweight. The two claimed similar lifestyles (they were best friends); they claimed the skinny one ate more (constantly) but couldn’t gain weight. Initially they expressed the belief that the skinny one had a ‘higher metabolism’. These claims tend to be viewed (IMO rightly) with some skepticism. A ‘higher metabolism’ should mean a higher body temperature and the like - the various predictable signs of more available energy. A test was initiated where there were put in cocoons and their oxygen intake monitored, while their CO2 output was monitored as well. I think this is reasonable, as it will give a total metabolic picture of calories ‘burned’. It doesn’t address, however, efficiency - more about that in a bit. The two women were given ‘doubly labeled water’ and their urine collected as a way of spying on their dietary intake. The show didn’t go into much detail about the actual operation of the doubly labeled water or the means in which it marked their consumption of food; I’m inclined to think that it only marked the absorption of food into the body. In the end they came to the conclusion that the overweight one ate 50% more than the underweight one. The subtext is “Your genetics are irrelevant. Stop eating so much, you fat tub of lard.”
Now, while I’m not saying that I think that’s false, I will say that, as stated, they didn’t have enough evidence (IMO) to convince me that such claims are ‘proven’. If, in fact, the doubly labeled water marks absorbed calories, it remains possible that one absorbed more of the calories consumed than the other. In fact, the NIH did a study where they discovered that when they had normalized for everything they could think of, there were dietary levels where similar people with similar diets and similar levels of activity produced divergent weight results - that is, some gained weight, while some lost weight. I think that a primary suspect in this result is excreted calories.
The show went on to talk about another study that cast their earlier methodology into question. They performed an experiment with one guy to demonstrate that the consumption of low fat, high calcium dairy caused one to excrete more fat in the feces than without the dairy products. In fact, over the course of the study, eating a quart of low-fat yogurt a day caused our hero to crap out 100% more fat. There’s no discussion of what percentage of total fat consumed that he excreted, only that he excreted 100% more with the dairy in his diet. Now, one guy isn’t a very comprehensive study, although this was another case where they suggested that the scientists that did the experiment were re-creating a more scientific study they’d already completed.
Now, this result calls into question, for me, the earlier experiment. What if the skinny chick merely failed to absorb 30% of the calories she consumed? We know there are people who have problems absorbing proteins, vitamins, and the like; isn’t it reasonable to think that such variances might extend to fats, carbs, and similar - and further that there are probably significant variation in the ‘normal’ population?
In the end, there probably are minor variations in metabolism - for instance, my ‘normal’ body temperature seems to be around 97 degrees, while my wife’s ‘normal’ body temperature appears to be around 99. If we find people of similar body types with similar temperature variance, we should be able to project a small metabolic difference (provided we normalize for environment, activity, etc); probably not significant, though. I think we might find FAR more variance in the percentage of consumed calories excreted than in the metabolism of absorbed calories. Until I see studies normalized for calories excreted, I will continue to consider these types of studies significantly flawed, in that they seem to be completely ignoring a major systemic output.
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